High performance work system :: essays research papers

High performance work system entails greater level of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees regardless of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they are simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in order to improved organizational performance. A high performance work system would consist 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance management. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compensation and benefits. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Career development. Employee training is important in any organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. There are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, problem solving or decision making and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or decision making whereas it will help employee improve work performance and making decision regarding any particular problems. Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance appraisal is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic rating scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360-degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Baba’s operation. This method rates each employee in quantity and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative. Effective and appropriate compensation system can help attract and retain competent and talented individuals who help the organization accomplish its mission and goals. There are many kind or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and salary add-ons, and incentive payments. A good way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can demonstrate is skill-based pay system in which skills define his or her pay category. However, there are several factors that influence compensation and benefits; they are employee’s tenure and performance, kind of job performed, kind of business, unionization, labour or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographical location, company profitability and size of company. Career development is more focus on the employee as an individual where it has been described as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value. High performance work system :: essays research papers High performance work system entails greater level of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees regardless of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they are simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in order to improved organizational performance. A high performance work system would consist 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance management. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compensation and benefits. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Career development. Employee training is important in any organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. There are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, problem solving or decision making and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or decision making whereas it will help employee improve work performance and making decision regarding any particular problems. Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance appraisal is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic rating scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360-degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Baba’s operation. This method rates each employee in quantity and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative. Effective and appropriate compensation system can help attract and retain competent and talented individuals who help the organization accomplish its mission and goals. There are many kind or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and salary add-ons, and incentive payments. A good way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can demonstrate is skill-based pay system in which skills define his or her pay category. However, there are several factors that influence compensation and benefits; they are employee’s tenure and performance, kind of job performed, kind of business, unionization, labour or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographical location, company profitability and size of company. Career development is more focus on the employee as an individual where it has been described as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value.

Sentinel Event

A1. Sentinel Event Review of the medical record for the specified patient (SP) was completed 09/16/12. The medical record revealed that the SP was a minor child with a diagnosis of history of frequent and recurrent tonsillitis and was scheduled to have the tonsils and adenoids removed 09/14/12 at 10:30 AM as an outpatient procedure. Review of the medical record for the day of 09/14/12 revealed that the SP was admitted to the pre-admission testing area at 9:00 AM. At 10:00 AM the SP was in the pre-operative area with the peripheral intravenous line in place and the pre-operative medications were being administered.At 10:30 AM the SP was in the operating room (OR) and the procedure was performed as scheduled. At 11:15 AM, the SP was moved from the OR to the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). At 12:15 PM, the SP was successfully recovered from the procedure and both the surgeon and the anesthesiologist cleared the SP to go home. The medical record revealed a nurse’s note by the pr e-operative nurse on 09/14/12 at 10:30 AM that documented a conversation between the pre-operative nurse and the SP’s mother where the mother stated she was leaving to run an errand involving an older sibling and left a cellular telephone number.The only documented instruction from the mother was for the nurse to call if the SP got out of surgery sooner than expected. In an interview with the PACU nurse conducted on 09/15/12 at 10:00 AM, the PACU nurse stated that on 09/14/12 at approximately 12:30 PM, the patient was released for home to her father, who was identified by his driver’s license; the PACU nurse stated that she provided written instructions for the patient’s post-operative care and follow up appointment to the father.The PACU nurse stated that the patient’s father verbalized understanding of the discharge instructions and left with the patient. The medical record lacked documentation of this encounter. The medical record also lacked documenta tion of any restrictions as to which parent was permitted to take the patient home. The patient’s mother arrived at the hospital on 09/14/12 at approximately 1:00 PM to take the patient home and was extremely distraught when she discovered her daughter was not in the PACU as she expected.There was a shift change at 1:00 PM and the oncoming nurses did not know that the patient was released to her father. As a result, security was called and a hospital-wide child abduction alert (code pink) was activated. In addition to hospital security, local law enforcement was also notified of the missing child. The SP’s mother told the hospital security officer that she and the SP’s father were divorced and she had full custody of the SP and the SP’s siblings. On 09/14/12 at approximately 1:30 PM, the SP was located at the father’s residence, in the care of the father.The SP’s father stated that he took the SP to his residence to wait for the SP’s mother to arrive. No charges were filed against the SP’s father. The hospital management and security personnel assured the SP’s mother that this incident would be investigated and processes would be put in place to prevent it from happening in the future. A2. Personnel There were several employees who had interactions with the SP and her mother during the outpatient hospital procedure. The first person was the hospital registrar who took the SP’s demographic information from the SP’s mother.The next person was the pre-operative nurse who took obtained the SP’s clinical information and medical history from the SP’s mother, performed the initial physical assessment (height, weight, vital signs, cardio-pulmonary, and head to toe), and obtained peripheral intravenous access. The people who then interacted with the SP were the surgeon, the anesthesiologist, and the operating room nurses. The surgeon also had an office visit with the SP and her m other in the days leading up to the surgery. The OR nurse took over care when the SP was moved from the pre-operative area to the OR.The OR nurse made the SP comfortable until she was under the anesthesia and began the recovery process after the surgery was completed. The next person who interacted with the SP was the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse. The PACU nurse was responsible for monitoring the SP during the recovery phase when she was coming out from under the anesthesia. During the post anesthesia phase, the surgeon and the SP assessed and evaluated the SP. Both the surgeon and the anesthesiologist had to sign the papers to release the patient to the discharge nurse. Finally, the patient was transferred to the care of the discharge nurse.The discharge nurse released the SP to her father. After the SP’s mother came back to the hospital and reported the SP was missing, the Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) was immediately involved. The CNO met with the SP’s mothe r and alerted the security team and local police to the disappearance of the child. The local police were able to locate the SP at her father’s house approximately 30 minutes after she was reported missing. The CNO had the responsibility to the SP’s mother to launch the investigation into the cause of her disappearance and to implement a plan of correction so the incident could be prevented in the future. A3.Personnel Issues Several factors negatively affected the coordination of patient care by the employees on 09/14/12. First, the communication between the admission personnel and the SP’s mother was ineffective when the registrar failed to obtain privacy information and/or ask about any custody situation. Second, the pre-operative nurse did obtain the custody information and the mother’s cellular telephone number and documented these on her clip board. However, the pre-operative nurse failed to report this as important information to the operating room nurse upon transfer of the SP from the pre-operative area to the operating room.As a result, the operating room nurse did not alert the PACU nurse to this important information upon transfer of the SP from the OR to the PACU area. The hospital failed to have hand off policies and procedures in place when a patient was moved from one area of surgery to another. They depended solely on their electronic record and did not have any reporting requirements in place when a patient was moved from the admission to pre-operative to operative to post-operative areas. There was a cultural/language barrier between the PACU nurse and the Hispanic discharge nurse making verbal communication very difficult.Other factors of poor communication were staffing ratios and the perspectives and attitudes of the staff. In interviews conducted with the registrar, the pre-operative nurse, the PACU nurse, and the discharge nurse after the sentinel event, they all had a negative, finger pointing attitude of doi ng the minimum to get by and not taking responsibility for the sentinel event. There was also a cumulative feeling among the staff of fear of reprimand or of being ignored in expressing thoughts about the security of pediatric patients in the surgery area, â€Å"Organizational structure has a direct impact n the communication within an organization. The way the hierarchy of an organization is designed either invites feedback, open-mindedness and effective communication or stifles, controls and restricts the ability of subordinates to freely express thoughts, feelings and ideas (Papa 2012). † In the post sentinel event interview, the pre-operative nurse expressed an idea about matching hospital wrist bands for both the child and the parent. This was a good idea, but no system for matching wrist bands was in place.The pre-operative and post-operative areas were understaffed that day making communication among the nurses hurried and ineffective, ultimately creating gaps in commu nication and contributing to the sentinel event. The fact that the surgical area was so short staffed left very little time for the nurses to give hand off reports. As a result, many important details were overlooked. The CNO failed to ensure that the required monthly staffing meetings were held among the surgical team members.Finally, the security personnel were not even called for several minutes after the SP was reported as missing and the security manager failed to perform the â€Å"code pink† child abduction drills on a quarterly basis as required by the hospital’s policy. A3a. Improve Interactions The initiative to improve interactions among the personnel working on 09/14/12 included a new policy implemented on 10/01/12 regarding obtaining custody information and privacy information at the point of registration for any minor child whether it is in the emergency room, inpatient, or outpatient areas of the hospital.This policy included a stipulation that three thin gs are established: a list of people who are permitted private information, a list of people who are permitted to take the patient out of the hospital, and a four digit pin number established by the parent. Information and/or the patient themselves will only be released strictly to a person who is both on the privacy list and who have the pin number. A policy and procedure was also implemented on 10/01/12 in the outpatient surgery area which included detailed procedures for patient hand off when the patient was moved from one area to the next.A new patient hand off form was created which included basic demographic data, medical history, allergies, medication profile, the privacy list, pin number, and any other pertinent custody information for minor children. The registrar must document that both a verbal report and the written report were given to the pre-operative nurse. The pre-operative nurse must then document this same information was relayed both verbally and in writing to th e OR nurse and the OR nurse is also required to document this same information was relayed both verbally and in writing to the PACU nurse.The hand off forms must be signed by both the person reporting off and the person receiving the report and filed in the patient’s paper chart or scanned into the patient’s electronic medical record. A mandatory in-service meeting for all staff was held on 09/28/12 to teach the staff the new policy and procedures. Also, the required monthly staff meetings for the entire surgical team (including physicians) will be implemented to serve as a town hall approach discussion to get any complaints or suggestions by the staff out in the open.In addition to the monthly staff meeting, there will be required in-service education for the staff for the next twelve months including patient safety, child abduction prevention, improvisational workshops to prompt discussion among staff, patient hand-off, time out before discharge, patient rights, dive rsity training, verbal communication, nonverbal communication, shift change reporting, patient satisfaction, and patient education. A4. Quality Improvement The identification and data gathering quality improvement method was used in the root cause analysis of the sentinel event.First the problem was identified; the processes needing improvement were pediatric safety and staff communication. These processes were identified through the post sentinel event interviews of the staff, administrative staff post sentinel event huddles, and surgery staff post sentinel event huddle (including security staff). The data was gathered from the SP’s medical records and a timeline was created starting when the SP entered the hospital and ending when the SP left the hospital with her father. This timeline included an analysis of what was actually done by each employee and also what should have been done to prevent the sentinel event.The question of why was asked when inactions were determined to be what resulted in the sentinel event. Along with the SP’s medical record, all other medical records for minor children who received outpatient surgery at the hospital during the first two weeks in September were also analyzed to determine that the inactions on the part of the outpatient surgery staff were a systemic problem and that this was not an isolated case. Staffing ratio policies were reviewed and security policies on â€Å"code pink† drills were also reviewed.Staff meetings were held weekly where feedback was provided to staff during the root cause analysis process regarding performance indicators and benchmarking against other hospitals of similar size in the areas of patient hand offs, staff to patient ratios and performance of security drills including child abduction drills. After the data was gathered, all involved in the sentinel event were gathered and a list of causes of the sentinel event was created. This list was used in creating the recommendat ions to improve staff communication and creating the process change to ensure that the sentinel even does not recur.B1. Risk Management Program The process of obtaining custody information and privacy information at the point of registration for any minor child, in all areas of the hospital, will be managed and directed by the head Quality Improvement Officer of the hospital. The new policy also has a requirement to prevent the sentinel event from happening again; at the point of registration any minor child under the age of 18 will have a bar-coded band put on their wrist or if they are less than four years old, on their ankle.The parent(s) or legal guardian(s) will be required to wear a wrist band with a matching bar code. Before the child is discharged home, both wrist bands will be scanned with the computer bar code scanner to ensure the wrist bands match. Only the parent(s) or guardian(s) with proof of legal custody will have the wrist band. Additionally, at the point of regist ration, the parent(s) or guardian(s) will be asked to choose a four digit pin number which will be noted in the electronic medical record under the security tab.At the point of discharge, the parent(s) or guardian(s) will be required to give the four digit pin number before the child is released to them for discharge. These measures are to be implemented by 10/05/12 with 100% compliance expected by 10/12/12. Starting on 10/05/12, the Quality Improvement Officer will audit 25% of all admission paperwork on a weekly basis to ensure compliance with the new policy. The Quality Improvement Officer will keep a log of this audit process and the outcomes of the audits. If a registrar is found to be out of compliance with the requirement, disciplinary action will occur.Starting 10/05/12, the Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area is required to audit 25% of the outpatient medical records on a weekly basis for compliance with the new patient hand off policy and procedure which applies t o adult and minor child patients. She will also keep a log of this audit process and the outcomes of the audits. The Quality Improvement Officer and the Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area will hold bi-weekly meetings with the heads of each department in the hospital to review the audit results and to obtain feedback from each department regarding the new policies and procedures.The Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area will hold bi-weekly meetings with the outpatient surgery staff to review the audit results and to obtain feedback on the new admission process for minor children and the new patient hand off process for all patients. Starting 10/01/12, the Nurse Manager of the outpatient surgery area will also be responsible for closely monitoring the daily staffing ratios and ensuring that adequate staff is working during each shift.Also starting 10/01/12, the head of the security department will be responsible for performing the â€Å"code pink† drills monthl y and documenting these in the security log book. New security cameras will also be installed in the outpatient surgery area, at all exit doors, by 10/12/12. B1a. Resources The resources needed to support the changes to prevent the sentinel event from recurring are the medical staff, corporate compliance staff, administrative staff, human resources, and outside compliance consultants.The legal team was immediately involved in the sentinel event to minimize the risk involved in an event such as child abduction. The finance department will provide the financial resources to purchase the new bar coded band system and the new security cameras. The staff will need to be trained on the new policies and procedures by the education department. Also, it is essential that each shift and each department have an adequate staffing ratio which is the responsibility of the hospital administration and the CNO.Human resources, administration, and the CNO were involved in interviewing and counseling the staff involved in the sentinel event. They will have an ongoing responsibility to follow up with the staff to ensure compliance with the new policies and procedures. Outside compliance consultants were also utilized in completing the root cause analysis, creation of the plan of correction, and implementing the plan of correction. C. Sources Papa, J. (2012, May 9). General format. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_6071356_communication-organizational-structure. html

Media Fragmentations Effects on Democracy - 2121 Words

Media Fragmentation’s Effect on Democracy The emergence of new media and the rise of different forms of media outlets have greatly changed global media, providing audiences with multiple novel options for news consumption. This extremely high choice environment undoubtedly has some major implications with respect to politically charged news. Before the advent of radio, cable news channels, and most recently, the Internet, local newspapers and evening news broadcasts served as the primary outlets for political news. Moreover, the dynamics of how audiences consume -and now, even produce- media are changing, in addition to the ways in which media industries define their audiences. New media technologies at the heart of all of these changes such as print, broadcast television, cable news and even the internet give audiences increased control and increased choice over when, where, and how they consume mass media that is slowly transforming the relationship between audiences and the media. Concurrently, new technologies for measu ring and monitoring audience behavior are revealing aspects of how and why audiences consume different forms of media that previously were unknown. As a result, there is a commonality to the news people consume regardless of their geographic location, issue positions, or ideological stance. It is clear that there are many more choices for media consumers to interact with in the present. Moreover, this drastic shift made more visible when one views

Human Resource Strategies Of Fashion - 1663 Words

According to Webster (2013) in the early years Flinders Lane and Surry Hills situated in Melbourne and Sydney were the two key locations that where the heart and soul of Australia’s fashion industry thrived. Later on the 20’s the industry has grown across suburbs, designer as well as brands has spread across Australia. However, Australian fashion retailer is in a challenging position, it has become a global shift in the last few years, with 15 percent of the world’s top 250 retailers has already set up stores in Australia (Heffernan, 2015). In this essay an attempt will be made to discuss the statement mentioned above and its implications on David Jones fashion retail business. Firstly, one of Australia’s top fashion retail stores, David Jones, will be discussed along with their failures Secondly, how Human Resources have an impact in fashion retails and the impact of external environment changes in the retail industry with be evaluated. Following by this discussion, human resource strategies of fashion retail international brand will be explained. Lastly, strategies that David Jones can implement will be mentioned. Finally the conclusion will be presented with implications. David Jones is known as the oldest retail store in Australia and is still maintaining under its actual name. This fashion retail brand aims make a significant experience for customers by making the store are informed as well as containing modern technology. It is evident that its target audience of DavidShow MoreRelatedZara Case Study : The Resource Based View1588 Words   |  7 PagesZARA Case Study Introduction The case study is upon on the resource based view. First, the firm resources were divided into three major parts: tangible resource, intangible resource and human resource as Grant suggested. The main body of the essay will also be divided into three parts according to the resource classification. Then, a VRIN test would be carried after listing different types of resources to inspect whether they are able to provide a sustainable competitive advantage for Zara. FinallyRead MoreLeading Online Fashion Retail Store1337 Words   |  6 Pagesorganisation as Asos.com, which is the UK s leading online fashion retail store. Asos.com aims to be the number one online fashion destination for twenty- something who love fashion. ASOS offers 50,000 product lines under its own label and third party brands, covering women-swear, menswear, footwear, accessories, jewellery and beauty product distribute to customer in over 190 countries from its central distribution centre in the UK. Aimed at fashion forward twenty-somethings, ASOS attracts over 17.5 millionRead MoreAnalysis of the Fashion Industry1301 Words   |  6 PagesFashion is one of the world’s most important creative industries. It has provided economic thought with a canonical example in theorizing about consumption and conformity. Social thinkers have long treated fashion as a window upon social class and social change. Cultural theorists have focused on fashion to reflect on symbolic meaning and social ideals. Fashion has also been seen to embody representative characteristics of modernity, and even of culture itself. Everyone wears clothing and inevitablyRead MoreThe Role Of Human Resource Management And The Strategy Process1462 Words   |  6 Pagespaper will review the rol e of human resource management (HRM) in the strategy process. This will include the function of recruitment and training programs in HRM, the concept of strategic fit and how human resource management can lead to a competitive advantage. Also I will look at compensation and benefits, relevance to my workplace, and my personal reflection. The manner in which an organization’s personnel are managed has a tangible influence on the productivity of the employees, whichRead MoreAn Effective Human Resource Management Department960 Words   |  4 Pagesthe direct link to all the various operations that make up our company, Human Resources management is vital to our current and future success. For us to prosper and satisfy our customers, Forever 21 must have an effective Human Resource Management department, one that can provide proper knowledge, necessary tools, and effective advice to guide employees and administrators towards successful operation (Heathfield â€Å"What is Human†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Since our debut, we’ve been continuously profitable. However, our downsideRead MoreZara and Reiss Comaparison Essay example1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmore research on the internet i have come to notice both ZARA and REISS are a growing profitable companies. When looking at REISS THE BRAND: Reiss a retailer of â€Å"own brand† quality fashion menswear and womenswear that established itself in London in 1970. The brand has become reorganized as a progressive, fashion-led retail company. Designing and producing own –label ranges it offers an aspirational look at affordable prices When looking at REISS THE STORE: All the retailing shops of Reiss areRead MoreHuman Resources : An Organization1424 Words   |  6 PagesHUMAN RESOURCES: THEORETICAL – Human Resources include all the actions to recruit the right workers for the business and train them for the job. In the human resources department they work out what level of skills are needed by the workers and how many workers are needed for business. They have to create a positive working environment for the workers to insure that the workers are happy and working well to achieve the business’ goals. They also deal with the conditions of employment and the workers’Read MoreCase Study : Zaras Success1299 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus is on efficiency and effectiveness of such a process (slack et al, 2010). This is an essay on Zara (a fashion retailer) and how its approach to operation management makes it a successful company. OVERVIEW OF ZARA Zara employs one of the greatest and most successful operations strategy in the retail industry is the strategy employed by Zara. Zara being the flagship brand of a Spanish fashion retail giant, Inditex, (Industrias de Deseno Texti S.A.), was founded in 1975 and is engaged in designingRead MoreSupply Chain Management For Fast Fashion Industry1623 Words   |  7 PagesA study in sustainable conscious collection in the supply chain process in the fast fashion segment of fashion industry; a case study based approach focusing on HM and its main competitors. Abstract In recent years, the rapid changes in the fast fashion industry, a highly concerned about environmental issues as well as the sustainability for the company. Thus, it is a big challenge for the company s global operations to think about how to use the market intelligence, sensitive response and do moreRead MoreZara Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesrelatively globalized, particularly the fashion segment. Apparel retailing chains from Europe had been the most successful at cross-border expansion, although the U.S. market remained a major challenge. The above is in stark contrast to Zaras model which simply put is based on a vertically integrated demand and supply chain, while most other textile chains rely more on outsourcing and cheap labour. Zara studies its customers demand in the stores, through fashion shows of others, its own trend spotters

The Invention Of Printing Press - 3662 Words

Invention of printing press has brought benefits to the world. However, it had a different meaning to an individual; for someone, it became the source to spread their ideas, and for others, a source for collecting new ideas. Menocchio is a peasant farmer born in the 16th century in Italy. He was a peasant farmer who had some reading skills. He was a miller who owned his mill, so he managed to make a little extra to spend money on printed books. Based on his reading, he developed an idea that the world was created out of a cheese and God was a worm which came out of the cheese. In the end, he was considered as a heresiarch, and was executed. Martin Luther is also from a peasant class, but due to the success in his father’s mining business, he managed to educate him. When he became a priest, the Christian church was selling indulgence. This caused him to post the 95 theses, an article accusing the Christian church. Martin Luther and Menocchio has many similarities because they a re both from a not so poor peasant class, and they also had education-but of course, Martin Luther had a higher education since he even went to a university-and they also lived among the early modern ages.But, if they had so much similarities, why was Menocchio considered as a heresiarch while Martin Luther was considered as a religious revolution in the christian church? I believe that the reason why two person from similar class had different consequence is due to their use of the printingShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Printing Press948 Words   |  4 PagesIf we examine, by quantifiable evaluations focusing on printing production and the distribution of associated technology and scrutinized by the characterization of the extensive expanse of knowledge and ideas across Europe we will discover the invention of the printing press. A result of progress, among a number of allied industries, papermaking and goldsmithing were principal players. The thin paper-like material made from the pith of the papyrus plant was one of the most common writing papers duringRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1633 Words   |  7 PagesHistorian David Ramsay stated, In establishing American independence†¦ the pen and the press had merit equal to that of the sword (Slaughter 9). When historians analyze the past they often use primary sources such as printed media, journals, letters and various notarized documents. Printed documents are a timeless form of communication with an immeasurable influenced, capable of reaching masses. How has print evolve into this powerful tool of influence and communication in America? To answer theRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1413 Words   |  6 Pages The printing press was essentially invented by Johannes Gutenberg enabling mass productions of books and the spread of rapid knowledge throughout Europe. This invention became a great industry in Britain. The printing press became a popular industry in the mid-19th century as the second industrial revolution commenced a communication revolution. There were several factors that made printing press very popular and substantial such as during wars where there was more of an urgency to strive for newsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press861 Words   |  4 PagesThe printing press invented by German goldsmith Johann Gutenberg in 1448 has been called one of the most important inventions in the history of humankind. When compared to the standard printing methods of the day, the printing press revolutionized how mass quantities of books were printed. The enlightenment in Europe and America were greatly affected by its invention. From its beginnings in 1448 the printer has evolved into today s modern laser jet printers. One printer that most people don t thinkRead MoreThe Invention Of Printing Press1284 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant machines during the modern period: the printing press. The printing press was inspired by earlier uses found in China and Japan as early as the 7th century. In this time the way to print was using the method of block printing, which was a piece of wood used to print a specific piece of text. (â€Å"Patterns for†) With the Gutenberg invention the revolution had begun. It advanced the process of movable type further, and started a new era of printing called typography. The typography allowed informationRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe invention of the printing press was a great influence on Renaissance culture and literature. Its inventor, Johannes Gutenberg said himself â€Å"like a star it shall scatter the darkness of ignorance and cause a light herefore unknown to shine amongst men† (Gutenberg, n.d.). By creating the market for the printed word, he paved the way for literature in the Renaissance. Gutenberg’s printing press single-handedly revolutionized the way stories were shared. He took the power of the word away fromRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press932 Words   |  4 PagesThe printing press, a simple invention compared to the technology we have today, however, it was a huge stepping stone to getting to the technology today. The printing press represents the spread of information and knowledge. There were two major effects of the printing press. These two effects were the exploration of the Americas and the Protestant Reformation. Exploration was Colombus and his explorers â€Å"discovering† America. The printing press had great influence on these events. The ProtestantRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1214 Words   |  5 PagesYou can t stop people from printing what they want to print. -Alan Sugar The Printing Press, a 15th century invention, allowed scholars to print and distribute their work throughout Europe. Church authority denounced the spread of scientific ideas encouraged by the invention of the printing press. They banned scientific works, like Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius, as academics published their research. Roman Catholic Church authority advocated for biblical ideas, which opposed scientific studies likeRead MoreGutenberg Invention Of The Printing Press1366 Words   |  6 Pageswas one invention that really made an impact? Some say electricity or medication some might even say technology. One invention that altered the world was Gutenberg’s invention the printing press. The printing press has made a huge impact back in the 1450s. It allowed many nations to go from writing in scripts to books. Also it was an other way for information to be shared with surrounding countries. The printing press expanded communication,knowledge and also exploration. Th e printing press help withRead MoreThe Invention Of Printing Press1345 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of typography people were always looking to create it in a faster more effective way. The printing press was then created to do just that, it made it possible to mass produce designs and newspapers with a lot text. But during that time there weren t that many styles of typefaces and since then the typefaces have changed, kind of. The typefaces used when they were press was first made are still used today. Are hand crafted fonts more successful than the sans serif modern typefaces

Reports of Pathological Gambling System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Reports of Pathological Gambling System. Answer: Introduction In the present paper, an article review has been conducted to analyze the findings and the research methods, used in the paper. The primary aim of the article review is to summarize the findings of the article rather than reporting new facts or analysis. The review article is written for the audience, who are knowledgeable of the subject area. It means that the article is not meant for the general audience. It summarizes the main ideas, shows the arguments, position of the author and the contribution of the author to the research field. In this essence, the article, compulsive buying: the role of earlier-in-life events and experiences is taken for the review. Thus research article sheds light on the compulsive behavior of the buyers, while making the purchase decisions. The article has been written by Grougiou, Moschis and Kapoutsis (2015) and published in the Journal of Consumer Marketing. The research article is based on the primary findings, based on the survey administrated in Gr eece. The article has discussed the phenomenon of compulsive consumer behavior on the purchase decision of the consumers. The demonstration of compulsive behavior is a psychological issue, which can occur due to some kind of trauma. This habit can cause serious negative impact on the psychological, social and financial terms. It can be stated that the recent economic crisis. In 2008 has been the effect of consumerism and irrational spending. As a result, the government agencies and the public entities are urging their citizens to control their expenses and thoughtfully used the easily available credit. These actions will not only protect the consumers, but also protect the market from the high credit financial risk. Therefore, it is important that the government and the scholars understand the mechanism and the situations, which promote compulsive behavior in the society. These factors can protect the society from the personal and the social cause. There are several studies, which states that the compulsive purchase behavior is linked with the demographic and psychological factors of the people. The compulsive purchase behavior is demonstrated by the people, who glorify the consumption of the luxury products. These people have lack of self-control, have an orientation towards material goods and are concerned about their social status. They have low self-esteem and issues in money management problem (Joireman, Kees, Sprott, 2010). The literature has highlighted that a large number of women falls under this category. Several studies have been conducted regarding the issues and the consequences of the compulsive behavior in humans. There is consensus that there are several dire consequences of excessive and undesirable maladaptive behavior. However, there is still very less knowledge about the situations, which onset the development of such personality traits in the human behavior. There have been studies, which have suggested that compulsive behavior, may not rise from any traumatic behavior from the past; however, it can be a result of biological and social behavior. Other than that, the critical life events can impact the human purchase behavior. These events are encountered at certain point at adolescent life. These life events can impact in the personal consumer behavior. It is human psychology, that when an individual encounter certain situation, he responds and adapts to it. This adaptation encompasses different activities for controlling and coping stress arisen from the issue. In the human psychological behavior, it is stated that there are certain life events, which creates stressful impacts. Men take different strategies to cope with these issues. The underlying phases of all of these life events are socialization development or decline of the growth. All these changes can be categorized in three widely accepted lie events, namely, stress perspective, normative perspective and human capital perspective. The stress perspective of psychology states that there are certain life events, which can create stressful psychological imbalance for the employees. Different individuals use different stress coping strategies to handle emotional turbulence (Roberts Jones, 2001). Initially, these efforts to reduce the negative emotions are high in magnitude; however, gradually, they develop into a condition of unique behavioral and attitude orientation. These changes become a part of the personality and might lead to orientations with compulsive buying disorder. The stressful events have a severe negative impact on the emotional well-being of the children. It results in different feelings insecurity, tension and low self-esteem. It results in obsessive and compulsive activities so that the individual can cope up with the psychological discomfort. Most common compulsive behavior, as a result of stressful events are shopping and overeating (Billieux, Rochat,Rebetez Van der Linden, 2008). When these stressful events are endured over a specific time, they result in compulsive and uncontrollable buying habits. The children in single-parent families also suffer from compulsive shopping disorder as their parents use coercive techniques to exercise a high level of control over the behavior of the children. Some parenting styles have a negative impact on the emotional security and the self-esteem of the people. It increases the probability of using social interaction to handle the stressful events in the life. In the adolescent age, peers and friends provide a relieving environment so that the individual can forget the family issues. The normative is another perspective to handle the stressful events. It states that the young or adolescent individuals acquire socially desirable norms and behavior and use them to socialize with others. Different age groups have different sub-cultures and their behavior reflect their age group. Adolescent people rely on their peers, which is a result of immaturity. Due to this immaturity, the adolescents take risks to garner attention of their peers and seek their attention through different means. The adolescents with sexually active peers exhibit the same behavior, in contrast to the adolescents with sexually inactive peers do not show such activities. Therefore, this theory is proven as the peers have a strong impact on the behavior of the individuals (Shaffer, LaPlante, LaBrie, Kidman, Donato, Stanton, 2004). The deviant consumer behavior of an adolescent can be adopted through compulsive buying behavior. The social control theory states that the parental supervision is important in establishing a proper behavior and attitude in children. The lack of supervision and monitoring can result in compulsive behavior. Parental supervision and monitoring is important in inculcating desirable norms in the children. The stressful life events increase the interactions with the peers and it might impact on the consumption pattern of the people. The normative perspective states that the young people can acquire socially desirable norms and skills from different social agents, including parents, teachers and peers. The adolescents acquire the social behavior from their friends and peers. The value and the behavior of the adolescents is completely is affected by the family disruption and the family bonding. Lack of supervision and support from the parents can affect the shopping habits of the people (Joireman, J., Kees, J., Sprott, 2010). Family disruptions directly impact on the behavior of children. The family communication style also impacts on the behavior and compulsive behavior of the children. The family communication can be categorized into concept-oriented and socio-oriented communication style. The concept-oriented family communication promotes self-independence and expression. Other than that, socio-oriented family communication promotes obedience and respect for the senior people (Black, 2007). In the disturbed families, the parents display less affection and try to control the activities of their children. They force obedience to their statements by adopting harsh disciplinary measures. The literature also highlights that when the adolescents and the teenagers are not provided with adequate emotional support, they are not able to disclose their feelings and emotions to the society. It means that if the emotional support is not obtained from the family, the interactions with the peers and friends can elevate the social interaction. The human capital refers to different skills and resources, which determine the future lifestyle and income of the people. There are certain factors in macro-level and micro-level, which impacts the behavior and lifestyle of the people. These factors are nested with each other and influence the growth and development of the children (Moore, Glenmullen Mattison, 2014). The human capital theories state that there are certain outcomes of the maladaptive or deviant behavior which can impact the future life of the adolescents. The human-capital perspective states, that certain changes in the socio-economic status of the family can severely impact the emotional well-being of the employees. It includes the death of a parent or divorce. It means that the family structure has a direct impact on the human behavior. The economic deprivation and the issues in the family structure have a negative impact on the development of the childrens competencies. The children in intact families are embedded in the social structure; therefore, the children have more opportunity to grow within the organization. It impairs the socialization process of the children, which deters the development of the normal behavior (Hodgson, Budd Griffiths, 2001). This type of behavior leads to the development of compulsive buying approaches. The children grown in lower social and economic status families have a little self-esteem and constantly seek acceptance from their peers. The communication styles impact on the human capital development of the children. It results in maladaptive and deviant behavior among the children. The compulsive buying behavior is associated with socio-oriented family communication. In the present research, the methodology of survey is taken. In this research, adolescence behavior and the impact of various social actors such as biological, emotional and sociological factors on the purchase behavior has been evaluated. The adolescence is the period, in which the individual first demonstrates the sign of compulsive behavior. A survey has been conducted with 285 graduate students from the Greek Universities. The findings of the research have shed light on the impact of various influences on the compulsive shopping behavior of the adolescents. The study has drawn the conclusion from different theoretical perspectives, which includes psychology, sociology and consumer behavior theories. Most of the studies have stated that stress is the major factor, which impacts on the compulsive behavior of the adolescents(Grougiou, Moschis Kapoutsis, 2015). The literature also discusses other major factors such as impact of family disruptions, peer groups and family communicatio n style, which foster compulsive purchase tendencies. In the present paper, an article review has been conducted. The journal article taken for the study is based on the primary findings and takes the support of various scholarly articles. The aim of the research is to identify the factors, which leads to the compulsive behavior among the young adults. It has been identified that various factors, along with stress contribute to the development of compulsive purchase behavior. These factors are disturbances in the family life, family structure and family communication style. It also states that the youth from the low social or economic status families try to seek approval from their peers and try to adopt their habits. It is a coping strategy, which tries to improve the self-image of the people and try to avoid the further victimization of the family. The article further states that if the adolescents have reliance on their peers, they have high probability to adopt compulsive purchase behavior. Furthermore, the article also states that disruptions in the family results in emotionally deprived children as they avoid social communication in an effort to avoid embarrassment in the social events. This phenomenon is not perceived in upper status families, as they provide all the facilities such as social skills, contacts and information through which they can explore ore opportunities. References Grougiou, V., Moschis, G., Kapoutsis, I. (2015). Compulsive buying: the role of earlier-in-life events and experiences.Journal of Consumer Marketing,32(4), 278-289. Hodgson, R. J., Budd, R., Griffiths, M. (2001). Compulsive behaviours. InContemporary psychiatry(pp. 2053-2064). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Moore, T. J., Glenmullen, J., Mattison, D. R. (2014). Reports of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping associated with dopamine receptor agonist drugs.JAMA internal medicine,174(12), 1930-1933. Black, D. W. (2007). A review of compulsive buying disorder.World Psychiatry,6(1), 14. Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., Stanton, M. V. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology.Harvard review of psychiatry,12(6), 367-374. Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Rebetez, M. M. L., Van der Linden, M. (2008). Are all facets of impulsivity related to self-reported compulsive buying behavior?.Personality and Individual Differences,44(6), 1432-1442. Roberts, J. A., Jones, E. (2001). Money attitudes, credit card use, and compulsive buying among American college students.Journal of consumer affairs,35(2), 213-240. Joireman, J., Kees, J., Sprott, D. (2010). Concern with immediate consequences magnifies the impact of compulsive buying tendencies on college students' credit card debt.Journal of Consumer Affairs,44(1), 155-178. Phau, I., Woo, C. (2008). Understanding compulsive buying tendencies among young Australians: The roles of money attitude and credit card usage.Marketing Intelligence Planning,26(5), 441-458. Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Rebetez, M. M. L., Van der Linden, M. (2008). Are all facets of impulsivity related to self-reported compulsive buying behavior?.Personality and Individual Differences,44(6), 1432-1442.

Utilitarianism Death Penalty

Introduction The death penalty is arguably the most controversial legal punishment imposed by the Criminal Justice System of our country. This form of punishment stands out from the rest due to its harshness and severity. There is general agreement that capital punishment is the most severe punishment that a judge can give an offender.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Utilitarianism: Death Penalty – View on Capital Punishment Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the perceived severity of the death penalty, there has been intense controversy surrounding the issue. Opponents of the death penalty declare that it is barbaric and inhumane hence the government should do away with it. On the other hand, its supporters maintain that the death penalty is a necessary form of punishment that should be used on the most vicious offenders in society. The highly polarized debate on the death penalty has continued to exist for decades. Ethical theories can be used to come up with a solution to this highly controversial issue. Ethics determine what is the right course of action in a given situation. A number of solid ethical theories have been proposed by scholars and philosophers over the years. This paper will make use of one of the most widely applied ethical theories, which is utilitarianism, to demonstrate that the death penalty is indeed justified. Overview of the Utilitarian Theory Utilitarianism is a popular and widely applied ethical theory that was first proposed by John Stuart Mill. According to this theory, the moral nature of an action can be deduced by calculating its net utility. According to the utilitarian, an ethical action is one that â€Å"maximizes the happiness for the largest number of people†. Actions are viewed as having either benefits or negative consequences. Individuals should act in a manner that increases the benefits since if the consequences outweigh th e benefits, the action will be considered unethical. From a utilitarian perspective, actions that promote the happiness of the majority in society should be pursued while those that deter this happiness should be avoided. The utilitarian theory can be applied to the issue of capital punishment since this form of punishment produces both positive and negative consequences. Analysis using the Utilitarian Approach Net Benefits The first major benefit offered by the death penalty is that it plays a significant deterrence role. The most important goal of the criminal justice system is to discourage people from engaging in crime. This is achieved by attaching punishments to crimes so that a person perceives the merits of engaging in illegal actions as being outweighed by the consequences. As such, an ideal society would be one where no one is punished since the threat of punishment keeps everyone from engaging in crime. The death penalty is the most severe punishment and its availability is likely to deter people who might not be scared by long prison sentences.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research indicates that there is a negative relationship between executions and murder incidents thereby suggesting that the death penalty plays a deterrence role (Kirchgassner 448). From a utilitarian perspective, the deterrence role is ethical since it contributes to the overall happiness of the society. When criminals are deterred from engaging in crime, the society is safer and people enjoy the peace and security in their communities. Another significant benefit offered by the death penalty to the society is that it leads to the permanent incapacitation of the convicted person. Unlike other forms of punishment which only restrict some of the freedoms of the offender, the death penalty takes away his life. Once the convicted person is executed, the community can be assured that he/she will never commit another vicious crime against the society members (Sunstein and Vermeule 848). While other forms of punishment such as life imprisonment also have an incapacitation effect, this effect is not as definite. A person who has been imprisoned for life can still engage in vicious crimes against his fellow inmates or even the prison guards. The probability of recidivist murder is removed by implementing the death penalty. From a utilitarian point of view, this benefit is significant since it completely safeguards the society from future offences from a convict. The community’s peace of mind is also ensured since the death penalty permanently gets rid of vicious criminals, ensuring that they are not able to reenter society. The death penalty leads to a sense of justice for the individuals affected by the crime perpetrated by the convicted person. As has been highlighted, the death penalty is only given to individuals who have engaged in vicious crimes s uch as violent murder. When a person commits a violent murder, he causes significant emotional distress to the family and friends of the victim (Stambaugh and Gary 1). This pain and suffering can be alleviated if the convicted person is given a punishment that fits his crime. Without the death penalty, the convicted person is given a long prison sentence. This might expose the family of the victims to future emotional suffering as they might be required to attend parole hearings for the convict. The death penalty provides maximum retribution and therefore gives peace to the family and friends of the victim. The final benefit of the death penalty is that it gives the judge the ability to provide adequate retribution for any crime. For justice to be served, it is necessary for the severity of the punishment to equal the crime committed. If the punishment is regarded as lenient, then there will be a sense of injustice by society members.Advertising We will write a custom essay sam ple on Utilitarianism: Death Penalty – View on Capital Punishment Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are crimes that cannot be punished satisfactorily without the death penalty. Without the death penalty, people found guilty of these crimes would be given the maximum life imprisonment sentence. This would create a sense of injustice therefore decreasing the credibility of the justice system. This might cause people to engage in extrajudicial killings (Steiker and Jordan 649). A utilitarian approach would support a punishment that leads to a sense of justice and hence increases the credibility of the justice system. Capital punishment fulfils this role and leads to the perception of justice therefore preventing the breakdown in law and order that might occur if people seek out their own justice. Consequences A significant consequence of the death penalty is that is has a high fiscal cost compared to the alternatives. T he taxpayers have to shoulder the financial burden associated with implementing the death penalty. Traditionally, the death penalty was considered to be a cheaper method of punishing convicts compared to the alternative, which is a longer prison term. However, this has changed as procedures that are more stringent have been put in place when dealing with capital cases. Instead of tackling these cases as other criminal cases, the prosecutor and defender are required to be thorough and make use of expert witnesses. Once the judgment has been passed, the offender can engage in numerous appeals making the case last for many years. While it is possible to reduce the costs associated with capital punishment, such a move would require neglecting some of the procedural safeguards put in place to ensure that the risk of wrongful conviction is reduced to the minimal. From a utilitarian perspective, the huge financial cost is a negative consequence to the society. Opponents of capital punishme nt point out that the society would benefit more if the money currently used to sustain the death penalty was used for other pursuits such as building rehabilitation centers or increasing the police force in order to deter crime in the community (Dieter par.15). Another major consequence of the death penalty is that it might lead to a miscarriage of justice. If this happens, an innocent person can be put to death by the criminal justice system. While miscarriages of justice occur even in non-capital cases, there is the hope that the innocent person can be exonerated in the future through appeals. However, the death penalty is final and once the sentence has been carried out, there is no chance for the innocent person to challenge the wrongful conviction and attain his freedom. Aronson and Cole reveal that the danger of wrongful conviction remains to be the most dominant issue in capital punishment discussions (604).Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation can lead to a crisis of confidence in capital punishment since killing an innocent person is unacceptable. To a utilitarian, the wrongful killing of an innocent person is a great loss to the society since he can no longer make a positive contribution to his society. In addition to this, wrongful execution might lead to emotional distress by the people who were involved in the trial. It therefore has a negative impact and reduces the happiness of the society. Ethical Analysis To determine the ethical nature of an action using utilitarianism, one must weigh the benefits against the consequences. In this case, the benefits of the death penalty include deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, and the preservation of law and order. On the other hand, the consequences include high fiscal cost and a potential loss of innocent lives. As can be seen, the benefits of implementing the death penalty outweigh the consequences. It can therefore be asserted that the death penalty is ethical from a utilitarian perspective since it has a net beneficial effect, which leads to the maximization of the happiness of the greatest amount of people. Conclusion This paper set out to demonstrate the ethical nature of the death penalty using the utilitarian theory. It began by acknowledging that the death penalty issue is highly controversial and people are divided in their opinions concerning its usefulness. The paper then demonstrated how the utilitarian theory, which seeks to maximize the happiness of the majority, could be used to ascertain the ethical nature of capital punishment. It has shown that the death penalty has major advantages to society including deterrence, incapacitation, and an increase in the credibility of the criminal justice system. However, the death penalty also has major consequences since it is costly to the citizen and it might lead to wrongful executions. However, the benefits are more prominent and when implemented, the death penalty reaffirms the value of observing the law, thus creating a safer society for all citizens. From the arguments provided in this paper, it is clear that the death penalty has the most favorable results for the majority in society. This punishment should therefore be implemented more often in our country since it is ethically sound and leads to overall benefits to the society. Works Cited Aronson, Jay and Cole Simon. â€Å"Science and the Death Penalty: DNA, Innocence, and the Debate over Capital Punishment in the United States.† Law Social Inquiry 34.3 (2009): 603-633. Print. Dieter, Richard. â€Å"Capital Punishment Is Too Expensive to Retain.† Death Penalty Information Center 21.2 (2009): 1-2. Web. Kirchgassner, Gebhard. â€Å"Econometric Estimates of Deterrence of the Death Penalty: Facts or Ideology?† Kyklos 64.3(2011): 448-478. Web. Stambaugh, Irl, and Gary Stam. â€Å"Death Penalty Would End Punishment of Victim’s Family.† Anchorage Daily News, 7 Mar. 2 009. Web. Steiker, Carol and Jordan Morris. Capital Punishment: A Century of Discontinuous Debate. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 100.3 (2010): 643-689. Print. Sunstein, Cass and Vermeule Adrian. â€Å"Deterring Murder: A Reply.† Stanford Law Review 58.1 (2005): 847–857. Web. This essay on Utilitarianism: Death Penalty - View on Capital Punishment was written and submitted by user Yaretzi Reyes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.